Air/fuel ratio sensor testing thread

So is this the catch all thread for O2 sensor questions?

One thing I'm interested in is using the downstream O2 for A/F diagnosis. For example, I assume that if the car is running lean, i.e. positive fuel trims, then the downstream O2 should read rich, and visa versa, if the car is running rich, i.e. negative fuel trims, then the downstream should be pegged lean? This assumes the upstream O2 is oscillating more or less normally, and both O2s and the cat are known good.

Does that make sense? Is it true in practice?

I ask, because sometimes all you've got is your scope because your scan tool won't talk to that specific car for whatever reason.

Dosen't work that way , if the fueling is still within closed loop control range ie the fuel trims are not maxed or min'd out both upstream and downstream sensor output will look pretty normal although snap throttle might show something different . But if the fuel trims are maxed/min'd out and the engine computer can't add or take away any more fuel then both upstream and down stream will show lean or rich reflecting the conditions in the cylinder.

The next stage of investigation would be to check if the sensors are actually responding to real conditions and stimulate the sensors by introducing a vacuum leak or adding propane.
The other useful method is to watch what how the sensors compare when responding to the accelerator pedal.

OK, so then I'm completely confused. I put propane in the intake for about ten seconds, the upstream responded immediately, but after ten seconds I didn't see any down stream response and stopped. DS stayed steady at about 150mv. So I ran the engine at about 3.5k for 60 seconds and then at 2k for another 30 seconds and the DS gradually rose to about 860mv and stayed there even after letting off the gas. I then created a large vacuum leak and the DS gradually went to zero after 2.5 seconds, then after plugging the vacuum leak it went back up to 650mv after about 23 seconds of idling. I can see occasional misfires in the US waveform during this whole episode. I can upload the video if you're interested ( didn't record the propane part ). This is all on a warmed up engine.

Don't know how to interpret this.

I have been caught off guard with downstreams and their readings. What I found on some rare vehicles, the computer doesn't always turn on the heaters at idle. While your driving the heater will turn on (regardless if its PWM or Straight voltage) and off when the computer wants to check the CAT.

I found this on a couple cars and one was a toyota, I think it was a 2008. Possibly a corolla or Camry. Don't quote me on the year and model but it was a toyota.

I almost thought it had a bad computer since the downstream O2 was reading very lean and was not reacting to propane. Though reving the engine for extended period of time warmed up the O2 enough for it to function normal without the heater until I let off the gas and it immediately seem to slowly loose its reaction. After checking the heater circuit I found there was no control to the O2's heater but the heater in the DS O2 was good. Only while driving did I see heater circuit control on the lab scope from the PCM under specific load conditions.

There was NO codes for O2 heater circuit or Catalytic converter but was a p0171 which seemed to go away after doing intake manifold gaskets. I was trying to verify the upstream AFR via the DS readings but couldn't.

Oxygen sensors need to hit specific temperatures to function correctly. If the heater is active and pulling current I would be looking for small exhaust leaks with a stethoscope (open tube end).

If the engine is lean, you may or may not see it in the ds O2 sensor depending on how lean the engine is. If its maxed lean (max positive correction) you might see it stay lean, may not switch up and down. If you ever see a DS o2 switching, you may have an issue with the CAT.

How I understand narrowband o2 sensors is the "switching" comes from the computer adding fuel when the reading is lean and taking away fuel when the reading is rich which causes the switching we see. Since these o2 sensor only register within a very narrow AFR window the exhaust mixture needs to be "close" (within limits) to stoich for it to start switching. If its only being used to monitor the cat, if the cat is working you may never see it switch unless the cat is flooded with O2 and the reading is then lean and suddenly the mixture goes rich.

Some random thoughts on this topic. Very random, I've been coding all day

The biggest difficulty I see with AF sensors is how the output is reported in the data stream. But even that I don't see as an obstacle when technicians are taught to understand fuel control properly. I think a real issue here is that most technicians are not able to be dedicated to only driveability. They often have to service not just the whole vehicle, but chain saws, tractors, and whatever the heck comes in the door.

90+% of an AF sensors circuitry is in the ECM, not the sensor.

Zirconia O2 sensors do more than just switch above and below stoich. 800mv is not the same as 900mv for example. You can see this by spending time looking at downstream sensor output and watching NOx numbers. A slightly biased rich mixture produces much less NOx without a mileage penalty. A zirconia sensor can do that.

Much of what has been requoted all over the web concerning zirconia and AF sensors is really old information. AF and O2 sensors were used for many years before much research was done concerning their operation in the field over time. Significant changes came along after the research, some of which is fairly recent.

AF sensors are comparatively slow and their use requires a different fuel control strategy, which at the end of the day, means managing the catalyst. GM, for example, is not "behind" because they primarily use zirconia sensors upstream. It is by choice and it is cheaper when you can handle the required software.

A zirconia sensor can do a pretty good job of targeting mixtures above or below stoich when needed, and have for some time.

AF sensors are not used to run lean air fuel ratios for any length of time in the US, doing so would deactivate the catalyst and require a NOx trap.

AF sensors "switch" (in a sense) or "are switched" just like zirconia sensors. Most do not see this because they are not zooming in properly. While a perfectly stoich mixture makes the catalyst more efficient, one that moves slightly higher and lower than stoich will widen the range of catalyst efficiency.

The equivalence ratio pid found on the generic side of the scan tool is actually lambda. The engineer in charge of that (inside information) made a mistake as equivalence ratio is the opposite of lambda. It is the fuel-air ratio, not the air-fuel ratio.

If you're wondering why more indepth information isn't generally available, I can tell you why. It costs $$, research is really tough, and no one (technicians) wants to pay for it.

Wow, this is a really nice piece you wrote here Tyler. I don't get on this forum as often as I should, I'm going to have to change that! This whole topic is so incredibly murky in the industry. I really think that for those of us who have only learned/been taught the "ins and outs" of just a couple of these specific AFR systems (which is probably most of us), it's almost been a disadvantage. I think I may have been better off only learning the basic concept :lol:

For example, I have only learned 2 of these variations thoroughly. The problem is that you unknowingly get a false sense of confidence, and tailor your expectations to the premise that "they all kind of work the same". In theory, they do... BUT, when it comes to interpreting enhanced PIDs, they really do have some crucial differences! AND that's even without the added twist of plugging in 2 scanners and getting different data, haha (not going to open that can of worms).

One thing is certain in this business: Maintaining the careful balance between confidence and humility is the recipe for success. The second that balance tilts too far one way, a car and/or your paycheck will remind you.

TheTechWhisperer wrote:
One thing is certain in this business: Maintaining the careful balance between confidence and humility is the recipe for success. The second that balance tilts too far one way, a car and/or your paycheck will remind you.

Well put.

Flatrater wrote: If you're wondering why more indepth information isn't generally available, I can tell you why. It costs $$, research is really tough, and no one (technicians) wants to pay for it.

I will. :ohmy: But I couldn't find any training that told me what I really wanted to know.

Wow, this is a really nice piece you wrote here Tyler. I don't get on this forum as often as I should, I'm going to have to change that!

Thanks! Please feel free to add any insights you have on the A/F sensors you're familar with, if you want. This thread is far from comprehensive. :lol:

Holy crap, I think I need to be here more, what a phenomenal write up. Thanks Tyler!! (I'm only 2 years late)

:lol: No worries, Paul! I really need to make some corrections and add what I've learned about VW and Ford sensors. There's so many variations out there. :ohmy:

very nice write-up.Thank you for you long post to explain

Thought this was interesting. Don't know if any of you guys follow Mike Becker from NGK Technical training.

Nice, I haven't seen part two of that series yet. Thanks Dylan!

Thank you!!
THIS is what I missed in the SD training book!!
Nothing about wideband O2.
So I measured the first lambda as it was narrow band - changed it - and got the same flat line..... Volvo V70 MK2 from 2001.
THEN I found this
The idle is fine when MIL is lit.... except when the coolant fan runs.

A question!
Volvo V70 (2001<) uses Lambda units for STFT and LTFT and not % per cents!

So I can have:
STFT: 0,98
LFTF: 1,02
At idle at 750 rpm

SO Im guessing that would equal to:
-2%
2%

That Lambda 1 is 0.

Anyone knows? I do have pictures from both Vida and SnapOn.

That's correct! As far as I know, anyway. I don't see Volvo of that vintage very often any more. :silly:

But, most every application I've seen of Lambda PIDs works exactly as you described.

Thank you - I was just beeing sure
This bloody car needs to be resett by taking off the battery negative - emptying every possible memorey by leaving it off long enough or turning the start key - after that this (quote from VIDA) - this after changing any faulty parts on fuel/air/exhaust system as well as erasing the codes:

The rpm is high/low during engine braking to a stop. This is so because idle control needs time to learn how much air the engine needs when the engine runs at idle. The adaption takes place every time the engine idles. Only a limited amount of adaptions is allowed each time. This means that you have to leave idle every once in awhile for the system to finish adapting.

One way to do that is to run the engine warm and then let it idle. If the vehicle is equipped with automatic transmission, gear position D (drive) shall be used.

With some minute's interval, load the engine a little by revving it for a few seconds. Then you let the engine return down to idle.

Test-drive the vehicle to decide if the system has finished adapting or not.
END quote.

Wow! How am I just now seeing this? Great explanation Mr. Danner! Can't thank you enough for your industry contributions.

MattH wrote: Wow! How am I just now seeing this? Great explanation Mr. Danner! Can't thank you enough for your industry contributions.

Don't forget to thank Tyler who has put so much effort into this thread

So question... is the heater circuit the only thing that can be tested by taking an ohm measurement of the heater? And also verifying the 3.3 and 3.0 (toyota) voltages on the signal wires? Curious if any other part of the sensor can fail or slowly deteriorate that may cause inaccurate readings? I tested 2 different toyotas just trying to get a sense of what I should see but they are different. 2016 Corolla AF voltages go to 4.96 v (lean) on decel fuel cut and about 2.5 v at WOT. 2002 Sienna (V6) both AF voltages barely get above 4 v and between 2.5 v and 3 v at WOT. The Corolla downstream O2 reacts exactly as I would expect with each however the Sienna downstream is kinda all over the place because it rarely goes into the decel fuel cut off. It reacts as expected during WOT but doesn't go into an open loop drive/ decel fuel cut unless at high speed/rpm. Maybe thats just a difference in the ECM strategy from 2002 to 2016?... or would an aging AF sensor show itself in the form of voltages not going as high or as low as they should? The Sienna has a Cat Efficiency code that pops up every few months or so which is why I'm trying to get a read on the downstream sensor.... and the possibility of the AF sensors/ decel fuel cut issues contributing to this condition? No driveability concerns... just trying to learn more about their operation. Sorry I'm so long winded.... TIA